Cruz-Jentoft, A. J. et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing 48, 601 (2019).
Google Scholar
Rosenberg, I. H. Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance. J. Nutr. 127, 990s–991s (1997).
Google Scholar
Yuan, S. & Larsson, S. C. Epidemiology of sarcopenia: prevalence, risk factors, and consequences. Metabolism 144, 155533 (2023).
Google Scholar
Petermann-Rocha, F. et al. Global prevalence of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 13, 86–99 (2022).
Google Scholar
Jimenez-Gutierrez, G. E. et al. Molecular mechanisms of inflammation in sarcopenia: diagnosis and therapeutic update. Cells 11, 2359 (2022).
Du, Y. et al. Associations of physical activity with sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in middle-aged and older adults: the Louisiana osteoporosis study. BMC Public Health 22, 896 (2022).
Google Scholar
Larsson, L. et al. Sarcopenia: aging-related loss of muscle mass and function. Physiol. Rev. 99, 427–511 (2019).
Google Scholar
Safdar, A. et al. Aberrant mitochondrial homeostasis in the skeletal muscle of sedentary older adults. PLoS One. 5, e10778 (2010).
Google Scholar
Joseph, A. M. et al. The impact of aging on mitochondrial function and biogenesis pathways in skeletal muscle of sedentary high- and low-functioning elderly individuals. Aging Cell 11, 801–809 (2012).
Google Scholar
Cruz-Jentoft, A. J. & Sayer, A. A. Sarcopenia. Lancet 393, 2636–2646 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kaido, T. Proposal of definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity by ESPEN and EASO. Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr. 12, 431–434 (2023).
Google Scholar
Lisco, G. et al. Sarcopenia and diabetes: a detrimental liaison of advancing age. Nutrients 16, 63 (2023).
Lin, T. et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia in pain patients and correlation between the two conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 23, 902.e901–902.e920 (2022).
Google Scholar
Park, S. et al. The prevalence and impact of sarcopenia on degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Bone Jt. J. 98-b, 1093–1098 (2016).
Google Scholar
Eguchi, Y. et al. Associations between sarcopenia and degenerative lumbar scoliosis in older women. Scoliosis Spinal Disord. 12, 9 (2017).
Google Scholar
Veronese, N. et al. Pain increases the risk for sarcopenia in community-dwelling adults: results from the English longitudinal study of ageing. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 78, 1013–1019 (2023).
Google Scholar
Matsuo, S. et al. Clinical features of sarcopenia in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 45, E1105–e1110 (2020).
Google Scholar
Chua, M. et al. Gender differences in multifidus fatty infiltration, sarcopenia and association with preoperative pain and functional disability in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine J. 22, 58–63 (2022).
Google Scholar
Han, A., Bokshan, S. L., Marcaccio, S. E., DePasse, J. M. & Daniels, A. H. Diagnostic criteria and clinical outcomes in sarcopenia research: a literature review. J. Clin. Med. 7, 70 (2018).
Fielding, R. A. et al. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia. J. Am. Med Dir. Assoc. 12, 249–256 (2011).
Google Scholar
Studenski, S. A. et al. The FNIH sarcopenia project: rationale, study description, conference recommendations, and final estimates. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 69, 547–558 (2014).
Google Scholar
Chen, L. K. et al. Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 21, 300–307.e302 (2020).
Google Scholar
Roberts, H. C. et al. A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: towards a standardised approach. Age Ageing 40, 423–429 (2011).
Google Scholar
Beaudart, C. et al. Sarcopenia in daily practice: assessment and management. BMC Geriatrics 16, 170 (2016).
Google Scholar
Jones, C. J., Rikli, R. E. & Beam, W. C. A 30-s chair-stand test as a measure of lower body strength in community-residing older adults. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 70, 113–119 (1999).
Google Scholar
Guerri, S. et al. Quantitative imaging techniques for the assessment of osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Quant. Imaging Med. Surg. 8, 60–85 (2018).
Google Scholar
Chianca, V. et al. Sarcopenia: imaging assessment and clinical application. Abdom. Radiol. 47, 3205–3216 (2022).
Google Scholar
Shepherd, J. A., Ng, B. K., Sommer, M. J. & Heymsfield, S. B. Body composition by DXA. Bone 104, 101–105 (2017).
Google Scholar
Tagliafico, A. S., Bignotti, B., Torri, L. & Rossi, F. Sarcopenia: how to measure, when and why. Radio. Med. 127, 228–237 (2022).
Google Scholar
Maden-Wilkinson, T. M., Degens, H., Jones, D. A. & McPhee, J. S. Comparison of MRI and DXA to measure muscle size and age-related atrophy in thigh muscles. J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact. 13, 320–328 (2013).
Google Scholar
Levine, J. A. et al. Measuring leg muscle and fat mass in humans: comparison of CT and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. J. Appl. Physiol. 88, 452–456 (2000).
Google Scholar
Giraudo, C., Cavaliere, A., Lupi, A., Guglielmi, G. & Quaia, E. Established paths and new avenues: a review of the main radiological techniques for investigating sarcopenia. Quant. imaging Med. Surg. 10, 1602–1613 (2020).
Google Scholar
Boutin, R. D., Yao, L., Canter, R. J. & Lenchik, L. Sarcopenia: current concepts and imaging implications. Ajr. Am. J. Roentgenol. 205, W255–266 (2015).
Google Scholar
Albano, D., Messina, C., Vitale, J. & Sconfienza, L. M. Imaging of sarcopenia: old evidence and new insights. Eur. Radiol. 30, 2199–2208 (2020).
Google Scholar
Amini, B., Boyle, S. P., Boutin, R. D. & Lenchik, L. Approaches to assessment of muscle mass and myosteatosis on computed tomography: a systematic review. J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 74, 1671–1678 (2019).
Google Scholar
Daly, L. E., Prado, C. M. & Ryan, A. M. A window beneath the skin: how computed tomography assessment of body composition can assist in the identification of hidden wasting conditions in oncology that profoundly impact outcomes. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 77, 135–151 (2018).
Google Scholar
Derstine, B. A. et al. Skeletal muscle cutoff values for sarcopenia diagnosis using T10 to L5 measurements in a healthy US population. Sci. Rep. 8, 11369 (2018).
Google Scholar
Kuriyama, K. et al. Relationship between sarcopenia classification and thigh muscle mass, fat area, muscle CT value and osteoporosis in middle-aged and older Japanese adults. Bone 163, 116487 (2022).
Google Scholar
Mizuno, T. et al. Relationship between quadriceps muscle computed tomography measurement and motor function, muscle mass, and sarcopenia diagnosis. Front. Endocrinol. 14, 1259350 (2023).
Google Scholar
Goodpaster, B. H. et al. Attenuation of skeletal muscle and strength in the elderly: The Health ABC Study. J. Appl. Physiol. 90, 2157–2165 (2001).
Google Scholar
Brooks, N. et al. Resistance training and timed essential amino acids protect against the loss of muscle mass and strength during 28 days of bed rest and energy deficit. J. Appl. Physiol. 105, 241–248 (2008).
Google Scholar
Cauza, E. et al. Effects of progressive strength training on muscle mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients determined by computed tomography. Wien. Medizinische Wochenschr. 159, 141–147 (2009).
Google Scholar
Breda, A. P. et al. Skeletal muscle abnormalities in pulmonary arterial hypertension. PloS One. 9, e114101 (2014).
Google Scholar
Prado, C. M. & Heymsfield, S. B. Lean tissue imaging: a new era for nutritional assessment and intervention. J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr. 38, 940–953 (2014).
Google Scholar
Csapo, R., Malis, V., Sinha, U., Du, J. & Sinha, S. Age-associated differences in triceps surae muscle composition and strength – an MRI-based cross-sectional comparison of contractile, adipose and connective tissue. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 15, 209 (2014).
Google Scholar
Fischer, M. A., Pfirrmann, C. W., Espinosa, N., Raptis, D. A. & Buck, F. M. Dixon-based MRI for assessment of muscle-fat content in phantoms, healthy volunteers and patients with achillodynia: comparison to visual assessment of calf muscle quality. Eur. Radiol. 24, 1366–1375 (2014).
Google Scholar
Tosato, M. et al. Measurement of muscle mass in sarcopenia: from imaging to biochemical markers. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 29, 19–27 (2017).
Google Scholar
Schweitzer, L. et al. What is the best reference site for a single MRI slice to assess whole-body skeletal muscle and adipose tissue volumes in healthy adults? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 102, 58–65 (2015).
Google Scholar
Engelke, K. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging techniques for the quantitative analysis of skeletal muscle: state of the art. J. Orthop. Transl. 42, 57–72 (2023).
Giovannini, S. et al. Sarcopenia: diagnosis and management, state of the art and contribution of ultrasound. J. Clin. Med. 10, 5552 (2021).
Perkisas, S. et al. Application of ultrasound for muscle assessment in sarcopenia: 2020 SARCUS update. Eur. Geriatr. Med. 12, 45–59 (2021).
Google Scholar
Scott, J. M. et al. Reliability and validity of panoramic ultrasound for muscle quantification. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 38, 1656–1661 (2012).
Google Scholar
Takai, Y. et al. Validity of ultrasound muscle thickness measurements for predicting leg skeletal muscle mass in healthy Japanese middle-aged and older individuals. J. Physiological Anthropol. 32, 12 (2013).
Google Scholar
Takai, Y. et al. Applicability of ultrasound muscle thickness measurements for predicting fat-free mass in elderly population. J. Nutr. Health Aging 18, 579–585 (2014).
Google Scholar
Gába, A., Kapuš, O., Cuberek, R. & Botek, M. Comparison of multi- and single-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for assessment of body composition in post-menopausal women: effects of body mass index and accelerometer-determined physical activity. J. Hum. Nutr. Dietetics 28, 390–400 (2015).
Google Scholar
Aleixo, G. F. P. et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis for the assessment of sarcopenia in patients with cancer: a systematic review. Oncologist 25, 170–182 (2020).
Google Scholar
Chen, L. K. et al. Sarcopenia in Asia: consensus report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 15, 95–101 (2014).
Google Scholar
Yu, S. C., Powell, A., Khow, K. S. & Visvanathan, R. The performance of five bioelectrical impedance analysis prediction equations against dual X-ray absorptiometry in estimating appendicular skeletal muscle mass in an adult Australian population. Nutrients 8, 189 (2016).
Google Scholar
Sergi, G. et al. Assessing appendicular skeletal muscle mass with bioelectrical impedance analysis in free-living Caucasian older adults. Clin. Nutr. 34, 667–673 (2015).
Google Scholar
Yamada, Y. et al. Developing and validating an age-independent equation using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis for estimation of appendicular skeletal muscle mass and establishing a cutoff for sarcopenia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14, 809 (2017).
Bosaeus, I., Wilcox, G., Rothenberg, E. & Strauss, B. J. Skeletal muscle mass in hospitalized elderly patients: comparison of measurements by single-frequency BIA and DXA. Clin. Nutr. 33, 426–431 (2014).
Google Scholar
Cheng, K. Y. et al. Diagnosis of sarcopenia by evaluating skeletal muscle mass by adjusted bioimpedance analysis validated with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 12, 2163–2173 (2021).
Google Scholar
Shafiee, G. et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia in the world: a systematic review and meta- analysis of general population studies. J. Diab. Metab. Disord. 16, 21 (2017).
Google Scholar
Reiss, J. et al. Case finding for sarcopenia in geriatric inpatients: performance of bioimpedance analysis in comparison to dual X-ray absorptiometry. BMC Geriatrics 16, 52 (2016).
Google Scholar
Garlini, L. M. et al. Phase angle and mortality: a systematic review. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 73, 495–508 (2019).
Google Scholar
Di Vincenzo, O., Marra, M., Di Gregorio, A., Pasanisi, F. & Scalfi, L. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) -derived phase angle in sarcopenia: a systematic review. Clin. Nutr. 40, 3052–3061 (2021).
Google Scholar
Basile, C. et al. Phase angle as bioelectrical marker to identify elderly patients at risk of sarcopenia. Exp. Gerontol. 58, 43–46 (2014).
Google Scholar
Santana, N. M., Pinho, C. P. S., da Silva, C. P., Dos Santos, N. F. & Mendes, R. M. L. Phase angle as a sarcopenia marker in hospitalized elderly patients. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 33, 232–237 (2018).
Google Scholar
Bellido, D., García-García, C., Talluri, A., Lukaski, H. C. & García-Almeida, J. M. Future lines of research on phase angle: strengths and limitations. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 24, 563–583 (2023).
Google Scholar
Beaudart, C. et al. Assessment of muscle function and physical performance in daily clinical practice : a position paper endorsed by the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO). Calcif. tissue Int. 105, 1–14 (2019).
Google Scholar
Soltani, A. et al. Real-world gait speed estimation, frailty and handgrip strength: a cohort-based study. Sci. Rep. 11, 18966 (2021).
Google Scholar
Chou, M. Y. et al. Role of gait speed and grip strength in predicting 10-year cognitive decline among community-dwelling older people. BMC Geriatrics 19, 186 (2019).
Google Scholar
Binotto, M. A., Lenardt, M. H. & Rodríguez-Martínez, M. D. C. Physical frailty and gait speed in community elderly: a systematic review. Rev. da Esc. de. Enferm. da U S P 52, e03392 (2018).
Shafaq, N. et al. Asymmetric degeneration of paravertebral muscles in patients with degenerative lumbar scoliosis. Spine 37, 1398–1406 (2012).
Google Scholar
Podsiadlo, D. & Richardson, S. The timed “Up & Go”: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J. Am. Geriatrics Soc. 39, 142–148 (1991).
Google Scholar
Steffen, T. M., Hacker, T. A. & Mollinger, L. Age- and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people: Six-Minute Walk Test, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up & Go Test, and gait speeds. Phys. Ther 82, 128–137 (2002).
Google Scholar
Dent, E. et al. International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Sarcopenia (ICFSR): screening, diagnosis and management. J. Nutr. Health Aging 22, 1148–1161 (2018).
Google Scholar
Shen, Y. et al. Exercise for sarcopenia in older people: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 14, 1199–121 (2023).
Google Scholar
Da Boit, M. et al. Sex differences in the response to resistance exercise training in older people. Physiological Rep. 4, e12834 (2016).
Vikberg, S. et al. Effects of resistance training on functional strength and muscle mass in 70-year-old individuals with pre-sarcopenia: a randomized controlled trial. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 20, 28–34 (2019).
Google Scholar
Perry, C. G. et al. Repeated transient mRNA bursts precede increases in transcriptional and mitochondrial proteins during training in human skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. 588, 4795–4810 (2010).
Google Scholar
Geng, T. et al. PGC-1alpha plays a functional role in exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis but not fiber-type transformation in mouse skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 298, C572–579 (2010).
Google Scholar
Dubé, J. J. et al. Exercise-induced alterations in intramyocellular lipids and insulin resistance: the athlete’s paradox revisited. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 294, E882–888 (2008).
Google Scholar
Biensø, R. S. et al. Effects of exercise training on regulation of skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in elderly men. J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 70, 866–872 (2015).
Google Scholar
Peterson, M. J. et al. Walking in old age and development of metabolic syndrome: the health, aging, and body composition study. Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord. 8, 317–322 (2010).
Google Scholar
Veronese, N. et al. Effect of nutritional supplementations on physical performance and muscle strength parameters in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res. Rev. 51, 48–54 (2019).
Google Scholar
Robinson, S. M. et al. Does nutrition play a role in the prevention and management of sarcopenia? Clin. Nutr. 37, 1121–1132 (2018).
Google Scholar
Ruocco, C., Segala, A., Valerio, A. & Nisoli, E. Essential amino acid formulations to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 24, 88–95 (2021).
Google Scholar
Chen, L. K. et al. Roles of nutrition in muscle health of community-dwelling older adults: evidence-based expert consensus from Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 13, 1653–1672 (2022).
Google Scholar
He, X. et al. β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, mitochondrial biogenesis, and skeletal muscle health. Amino Acids 48, 653–664 (2016).
Google Scholar
Wu, H. et al. Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on muscle loss in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 61, 168–175 (2015).
Google Scholar
Smith, G. I. et al. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation increases the rate of muscle protein synthesis in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 93, 402–412 (2011).
Google Scholar
Kurrat, A. et al. Lifelong exposure to dietary isoflavones reduces risk of obesity in ovariectomized Wistar rats. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 59, 2407–2418 (2015).
Google Scholar
Tabata, S. et al. The influence of isoflavone for denervation-induced muscle atrophy. Eur. J. Nutr. 58, 291–300 (2019).
Google Scholar
Glisic, M. et al. Phytoestrogen supplementation and body composition in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Maturitas. 115, 74–83 (2018).
Google Scholar
Aubertin-Leheudre, M., Lord, C., Khalil, A. & Dionne, I. J. Six months of isoflavone supplement increases fat-free mass in obese-sarcopenic postmenopausal women: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 61, 1442–1444 (2007).
Google Scholar
Cermak, N. M., Res, P. T., de Groot, L. C., Saris, W. H. & van Loon, L. J. Protein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 96, 1454–1464 (2012).
Google Scholar
Mafi, F., Biglari, S., Ghardashi Afousi, A. & Gaeini, A. A. Improvement in skeletal muscle strength and plasma levels of follistatin and myostatin induced by an 8-week resistance training and epicatechin supplementation in sarcopenic older adults. J. Aging Phys. Act. 27, 384–391 (2019).
Google Scholar
Wang, J. et al. Vibration and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate treatment suppresses intramuscular fat infiltration and adipogenic differentiation in sarcopenic mice. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 11, 564–577 (2020).
Google Scholar
Cho, M. R., Lee, S. & Song, S. K. A review of sarcopenia pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and future direction. J. Korean Med. Sci. 37, e146 (2022).
Google Scholar
Rolland, Y., Dray, C., Vellas, B. & Barreto, P. S. Current and investigational medications for the treatment of sarcopenia. Metab. Clin. Exp. 149, 155597 (2023).
Google Scholar
Dhaliwal, R. & Aloia, J. F. Effect of vitamin D on falls and physical performance. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 46, 919–933 (2017).
Google Scholar
Prokopidis, K. et al. Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 13, 1642–1652 (2022).
Google Scholar
Lan, X. Q. et al. The role of TGF-β signaling in muscle atrophy, sarcopenia and cancer cachexia. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 353, 114513 (2024).
Google Scholar
Becker, C. et al. Myostatin antibody (LY2495655) in older weak fallers: a proof-of-concept, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Diab. Endocrinol. 3, 948–957 (2015).
Google Scholar
Lee, S. J. Targeting the myostatin signaling pathway to treat muscle loss and metabolic dysfunction. J. Clin. Invest. 131, e148372 (2021).
Rooks, D. et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of bimagrumab in healthy older and obese adults with body composition changes in the older cohort. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 11, 1525–1534 (2020).
Google Scholar
Garito, T. et al. Bimagrumab improves body composition and insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant individuals. Diab. Obes. Metab. 20, 94–102 (2018).
Google Scholar
Lee, S. J. et al. Functional redundancy of type I and type II receptors in the regulation of skeletal muscle growth by myostatin and activin A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 117, 30907–30917 (2020).
Google Scholar
Sinha-Hikim, I., Cornford, M., Gaytan, H., Lee, M. L. & Bhasin, S. Effects of testosterone supplementation on skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy and satellite cells in community-dwelling older men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91, 3024–3033 (2006).
Google Scholar
Mudali, S. & Dobs, A. S. Effects of testosterone on body composition of the aging male. Mech. Ageing Dev. 125, 297–304 (2004).
Google Scholar
Neil, D. et al. GSK2881078, a SARM, produces dose-dependent increases in lean mass in healthy older men and women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 103, 3215–3224 (2018).
Google Scholar
Supasyndh, O. et al. Effect of oral anabolic steroid on muscle strength and muscle growth in hemodialysis patients. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 8, 271–279 (2013).
Google Scholar
van de Weijer, T. et al. Evidence for a direct effect of the NAD+ precursor acipimox on muscle mitochondrial function in humans. Diabetes 64, 1193–1201 (2015).
Google Scholar
Pin, F., Huot, J. R. & Bonetto, A. The mitochondria-targeting agent MitoQ improves muscle atrophy, weakness and oxidative metabolism in C26 tumor-bearing mice. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 10, 861622 (2022).
Google Scholar
Genant, H. K. et al. Interim report and recommendations of the World Health Organization Task-Force for Osteoporosis. Osteoporos. Int. Found. USA 10, 259–264 (1999).
Google Scholar
Lane, N. E. Epidemiology, etiology, and diagnosis of osteoporosis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 194, S3–11 (2006).
Google Scholar
Polito, A., Barnaba, L., Ciarapica, D. & Azzini, E. Osteosarcopenia: a narrative review on clinical studies. Int. Jo. Mol. Sci. 23, 5591 (2022).
Clynes, M. A., Gregson, C. L., Bruyère, O., Cooper, C. & Dennison, E. M. Osteosarcopenia: where osteoporosis and sarcopenia collide. Rheumatology 60, 529–537 (2021).
Google Scholar
Kirk, B., Al Saedi, A. & Duque, G. Osteosarcopenia: a case of geroscience. Aging Med. 2, 147–156 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kirk, B., Zanker, J. & Duque, G. Osteosarcopenia: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment-facts and numbers. J. Cachexia sarcopenia Muscle 11, 609–618 (2020).
Google Scholar
Locquet, M. et al. Bone health assessment in older people with or without muscle health impairment. Osteoporos. Int. 29, 1057–1067 (2018).
Google Scholar
Huo, Y. R. et al. Phenotype of osteosarcopenia in older individuals with a history of falling. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 16, 290–295 (2015).
Google Scholar
Yoo, J. I., Kim, H., Ha, Y. C., Kwon, H. B. & Koo, K. H. Osteosarcopenia in patients with hip fracture is related with high mortality. J. Korean Med. Sci. 33, e27 (2018).
Google Scholar
Chen, S. et al. Global epidemiological features and impact of osteosarcopenia: a comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 15, 8–20 (2024).
Google Scholar
Karasik, D. & Kiel, D. P. Evidence for pleiotropic factors in genetics of the musculoskeletal system. Bone. 46, 1226–1237 (2010).
Google Scholar
Sharir, A., Stern, T., Rot, C., Shahar, R. & Zelzer, E. Muscle force regulates bone shaping for optimal load-bearing capacity during embryogenesis. Development 138, 3247–3259 (2011).
Google Scholar
Nowlan, N. C. et al. Developing bones are differentially affected by compromised skeletal muscle formation. Bone. 46, 1275–1285 (2010).
Google Scholar
Girgis, C. M., Mokbel, N. & Digirolamo, D. J. Therapies for musculoskeletal disease: can we treat two birds with one stone? Curr. Osteoporos. Rep. 12, 142–153 (2014).
Google Scholar
Locquet, M., Beaudart, C., Durieux, N., Reginster, J. Y. & Bruyère, O. Relationship between the changes over time of bone mass and muscle health in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 20, 429 (2019).
Google Scholar
Yoshimura, N. et al. Is osteoporosis a predictor for future sarcopenia or vice versa? Four-year observations between the second and third ROAD study surveys. Osteoporos. Int. 28, 189–199 (2017).
Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, H. P., Kinsella, R. & Duque, G. Osteosarcopenia: where bone, muscle, and fat collide. Osteoporos. Int. 28, 2781–2790 (2017).
Google Scholar
Kaji, H. Linkage between muscle and bone: common catabolic signals resulting in osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 16, 272–277 (2013).
Google Scholar
Kawao, N. & Kaji, H. Interactions between muscle tissues and bone metabolism. J. Cell. Biochem. 116, 687–695 (2015).
Google Scholar
Tagliaferri, C., Wittrant, Y., Davicco, M. J., Walrand, S. & Coxam, V. Muscle and bone, two interconnected tissues. Ageing Res. Rev. 21, 55–70 (2015).
Google Scholar
Elkasrawy, M. N. & Hamrick, M. W. Myostatin (GDF-8) as a key factor linking muscle mass and bone structure. J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact. 10, 56–63 (2010).
Google Scholar
Pedersen, B. K. & Febbraio, M. A. Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 8, 457–465 (2012).
Google Scholar
Cianferotti, L. & Brandi, M. L. Muscle-bone interactions: basic and clinical aspects. Endocrine 45, 165–177 (2014).
Google Scholar
Ono, T., Hayashi, M., Sasaki, F. & Nakashima, T. RANKL biology: bone metabolism, the immune system, and beyond. Inflamm. Regen. 40, 2 (2020).
Google Scholar
Boyce, B. F. & Xing, L. Functions of RANKL/RANK/OPG in bone modeling and remodeling. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 473, 139–146 (2008).
Google Scholar
Dufresne, S. S. et al. Muscle RANK is a key regulator of Ca2+ storage, SERCA activity, and function of fast-twitch skeletal muscles. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 310, C663–672 (2016).
Google Scholar
Bonnet, N., Bourgoin, L., Biver, E., Douni, E. & Ferrari, S. RANKL inhibition improves muscle strength and insulin sensitivity and restores bone mass. J. Clin. Invest. 133, 3214-3223 (2023).
Marini, F., Giusti, F., Palmini, G. & Brandi, M. L. Role of Wnt signaling and sclerostin in bone and as therapeutic targets in skeletal disorders. Osteoporos. Int. 34, 213–238 (2023).
Google Scholar
Karner, C. M. & Long, F. Wnt signaling and cellular metabolism in osteoblasts. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 74, 1649–1657 (2017).
Google Scholar
Hu, L., Chen, W., Qian, A. & Li, Y. P. Wnt/β-catenin signaling components and mechanisms in bone formation, homeostasis, and disease. Bone Res. 12, 39 (2024).
Google Scholar
Zhang, X. et al. CLIC5 promotes myoblast differentiation and skeletal muscle regeneration via the BGN-mediated canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Sci. Adv. 10, eadq6795 (2024).
Google Scholar
Zhang, J. et al. GSK3 regulation Wnt/β-catenin signaling affects adipogenesis in bovine skeletal muscle fibro/adipogenic progenitors. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 275, 133639 (2024).
Google Scholar
Lin, W. et al. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway as an important mediator in muscle and bone crosstalk: a systematic review. J. Orthop. Transl. 47, 63–73 (2024).
Karasik, D. & Kiel, D. P. Genetics of the musculoskeletal system: a pleiotropic approach. J. Bone Miner. Res. 23, 788–802 (2008).
Google Scholar
Rosen, C. J. et al. Congenic mice with low serum IGF-I have increased body fat, reduced bone mineral density, and an altered osteoblast differentiation program. Bone 35, 1046–1058 (2004).
Google Scholar
Steelman, C. A., Recknor, J. C., Nettleton, D. & Reecy, J. M. Transcriptional profiling of myostatin-knockout mice implicates Wnt signaling in postnatal skeletal muscle growth and hypertrophy. FASEB J. 20, 580–582 (2006).
Google Scholar
Ferrari, S. L. et al. Polymorphisms in the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) gene are associated with variation in vertebral bone mass, vertebral bone size, and stature in whites. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74, 866–875 (2004).
Google Scholar
Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A. et al. Vitamin D receptor expression in human muscle tissue decreases with age. J. Bone Miner. Res. 19, 265–269 (2004).
Google Scholar
Uitterlinden, A. G. et al. The association between common vitamin D receptor gene variations and osteoporosis: a participant-level meta-analysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 145, 255–264 (2006).
Google Scholar
Langlois, J. A. et al. Association between insulin-like growth factor I and bone mineral density in older women and men: the Framingham Heart Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83, 4257–4262 (1998).
Google Scholar
Kok, H. J. & Barton, E. R. Actions and interactions of IGF-I and MMPs during muscle regeneration. Semin Cell Dev. Biol. 119, 11–22 (2021).
Google Scholar
Zhao, Z., Yan, K., Guan, Q., Guo, Q. & Zhao, C. Mechanism and physical activities in bone-skeletal muscle crosstalk. Front. Endocrinol. 14, 1287972 (2023).
Google Scholar
Yakar, S., Werner, H. & Rosen, C. J. Insulin-like growth factors: actions on the skeleton. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 61, T115–t137 (2018).
Google Scholar
Bikle, D. D. et al. Role of IGF-I signaling in muscle bone interactions. Bone. 80, 79–88 (2015).
Google Scholar
Kang, K. S. & Robling, A. G. New Insights into Wnt-Lrp5/6-β-Catenin Signaling in Mechanotransduction. Front. Endocrinol. 5, 246 (2014).
Gessler, L., Kurtek, C., Merholz, M., Jian, Y. & Hashemolhosseini, S. In adult skeletal muscles, the co-receptors of canonical Wnt signaling, Lrp5 and Lrp6, determine the distribution and size of fiber types, and structure and function of neuromuscular junctions. Cells 11, 3968 (2022).
Zhou, H. et al. LRP5 regulates cardiomyocyte proliferation and neonatal heart regeneration by the AKT/P21 pathway. J. Cell Mol. Med. 26, 2981–2994 (2022).
Google Scholar
Wang, X. F., Ma, Z. H. & Teng, X. R. Isokinetic strength test of muscle strength and motor function in total knee arthroplasty. Orthop. Surg. 12, 878–889 (2020).
Google Scholar
Guo, Y. F. et al. Suggestion of GLYAT gene underlying variation of bone size and body lean mass as revealed by a bivariate genome-wide association study. Hum. Genet. 132, 189–199 (2013).
Google Scholar
Babu, J. M. et al. Sarcopenia as a risk factor for prosthetic infection after total hip or knee arthroplasty. J. Arthroplast. 34, 116–122 (2019).
Google Scholar
Petrosyan, E., Fares, J., Lesniak, M. S., Koski, T. R. & El Tecle, N. E. Biological principles of adult degenerative scoliosis. Trends Mol. Med. 29, 740–752 (2023).
Google Scholar
Eguchi, Y. et al. Pentosidine concentration is associated with degenerative lumbar scoliosis in older women: preliminary results. Eur. Spine J. 27, 597–606 (2018).
Google Scholar
Eguchi, Y. et al. Analysis of skeletal muscle mass in women over 40 with degenerative lumbar scoliosis. Eur. Spine J. 28, 1618–1625 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kim, H. et al. Asymmetry of the cross-sectional area of paravertebral and psoas muscle in patients with degenerative scoliosis. Eur. Spine J. 22, 1332–1338 (2013).
Google Scholar
Benedetti, M. G., Furlini, G., Zati, A. & Letizia Mauro, G. The effectiveness of physical exercise on bone density in osteoporotic patients. Biomed. Res. Int. 2018, 4840531 (2018).
Google Scholar
Pasqualini, L. et al. Effects of a 3-month weight-bearing and resistance exercise training on circulating osteogenic cells and bone formation markers in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. Osteoporos. Int. 30, 797–806 (2019).
Google Scholar
Sañudo, B., Reverte-Pagola, G., Seixas, A. & Masud, T. Whole-body vibration to improve physical function parameters in nursing home residents older than 80 years: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Phys. Ther. 104, pzae025 (2024).
Reis-Silva, A. et al. Evidence of whole-body vibration exercises on body composition changes in older individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Physiol. 14, 1202613 (2023).
Google Scholar
Macdonald, H. M. et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D threshold for the effects of vitamin D supplements on bone density: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. J. Bone Min. Res. 33, 1464–1469 (2018).
Google Scholar
Burt, L. A. et al. Effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on volumetric bone density and bone strength: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 322, 736–745 (2019).
Google Scholar
Reid, I. R. & Bolland, M. J. Calcium and/or vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of fragility fractures: who needs it? Nutrients 12, 1011 (2020).
Curtis, E., Litwic, A., Cooper, C. & Dennison, E. Determinants of muscle and bone aging. J. Cell. Physiol. 230, 2618–2625 (2015).
Google Scholar
Giustina, A., Mazziotti, G. & Canalis, E. Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and the skeleton. Endocr. Rev. 29, 535–559 (2008).
Google Scholar
Rudman, D. et al. Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. N. Engl. J. Med. 323, 1–6 (1990).
Google Scholar
Biermasz, N. R., Hamdy, N. A., Pereira, A. M., Romijn, J. A. & Roelfsema, F. Long-term skeletal effects of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) alone and rhGH combined with alendronate in GH-deficient adults: a seven-year follow-up study. Clin. Endocrinol. 60, 568–575 (2004).
Google Scholar
Mohler, M. L. et al. Nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs): dissociating the anabolic and androgenic activities of the androgen receptor for therapeutic benefit. J. Med. Chem. 52, 3597–3617 (2009).
Google Scholar
Meng, S. J. & Yu, L. J. Oxidative stress, molecular inflammation and sarcopenia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 11, 1509–1526 (2010).
Google Scholar
Campbell, G. R. et al. Mitochondrial DNA deletions and depletion within paraspinal muscles. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 39, 377–389 (2013).
Google Scholar
Eguchi, Y. et al. Advanced glycation end products are associated with sarcopenia in older women: aging marker dynamics. J. women aging 33, 328–340 (2021).
Google Scholar
Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392, 1789–1858 (2018).
Li, G. et al. Muscle-bone crosstalk and potential therapies for sarco-osteoporosis. J. Cell Biochem. 120, 14262–14273 (2019).
Google Scholar
Bialek, P. et al. A myostatin and activin decoy receptor enhances bone formation in mice. Bone 60, 162–171 (2014).
Google Scholar
Puolakkainen, T. et al. Treatment with soluble activin type IIB-receptor improves bone mass and strength in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 18, 20 (2017).
Google Scholar
Bijlsma, J. W., Berenbaum, F. & Lafeber, F. P. Osteoarthritis: an update with relevance for clinical practice. Lancet 377, 2115–2126 (2011).
Google Scholar
Litwic, A., Edwards, M. H., Dennison, E. M. & Cooper, C. Epidemiology and burden of osteoarthritis. Br. Med. Bull. 105, 185–199 (2013).
Google Scholar
Buckwalter, J. A. & Martin, J. A. Osteoarthritis. Adv. drug Deliv. Rev. 58, 150–167 (2006).
Google Scholar
Katz, J. N., Arant, K. R. & Loeser, R. F. Diagnosis and treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis: a review. JAMA 325, 568–578 (2021).
Google Scholar
Vincent, T. L. Mechanoflammation in osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Semin. Arthritis Rheumatism 49, S36–s38 (2019).
Google Scholar
Roos, E. M., Herzog, W., Block, J. A. & Bennell, K. L. Muscle weakness, afferent sensory dysfunction and exercise in knee osteoarthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 7, 57–63 (2011).
Google Scholar
Pegreffi, F. et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia in knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Med. 12, 1532 (2023).
Peng, P. et al. Association between sarcopenia and osteoarthritis among the US adults: a cross-sectional study. Sci. Rep. 14, 296 (2024).
Google Scholar
Misra, D. et al. Risk of knee osteoarthritis with obesity, sarcopenic obesity, and sarcopenia. Arthritis Rheumatol. 71, 232–237 (2019).
Google Scholar
Suh, D. H. et al. Body composition is more closely related to the development of knee osteoarthritis in women than men: a cross-sectional study using the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-1, 2). Osteoarthr. Cartil. 24, 605–611 (2016).
Google Scholar
Cunha, J. E. et al. Knee osteoarthritis induces atrophy and neuromuscular junction remodeling in the quadriceps and tibialis anterior muscles of rats. Sci. Rep. 9, 6366 (2019).
Google Scholar
Slemenda, C. et al. Quadriceps weakness and osteoarthritis of the knee. Ann. Intern. Med. 127, 97–104 (1997).
Google Scholar
Terracciano, C. et al. Differential features of muscle fiber atrophy in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Osteoporos. Int. 24, 1095–1100 (2013).
Google Scholar
Messier, S. P. et al. Effects of intensive diet and exercise on knee joint loads, inflammation, and clinical outcomes among overweight and obese adults with knee osteoarthritis: the IDEA randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 310, 1263–1273 (2013).
Google Scholar
Liao, C. D. et al. Effects of protein-rich nutritional composition supplementation on sarcopenia indices and physical activity during resistance exercise training in older women with knee osteoarthritis. Nutrients 13, 2487 (2021).
Ardeljan, A. D., Polisetty, T. S., Palmer, J., Vakharia, R. M. & Roche, M. W. Comparative analysis on the effects of sarcopenia following primary total knee arthroplasty: a retrospective matched-control analysis. J. knee Surg. 35, 128–134 (2022).
Google Scholar
Tzartza, C. L. et al. Comparative analysis on the effect of sarcopenia in patients with knee osteoarthritis before and after total knee arthroplasty. Diseases 11, 36 (2023).
Ho, K. K. et al. End-stage knee osteoarthritis with and without sarcopenia and the effect of knee arthroplasty – a prospective cohort study. BMC Geriatrics 21, 2 (2021).
Google Scholar
Diallo, T. D. et al. Associations of myosteatosis with disc degeneration: A 3T magnetic resonance imaging study in individuals with impaired glycaemia. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 14, 1249–1258 (2023).
Google Scholar
Qi, W. et al. Causal associations between sarcopenia-related traits and intervertebral disc degeneration: a two-sample mendelian randomization analysis. Eur. Spine J. 33, 2430–2438 (2024).
Google Scholar
Yuan, H. et al. A comparison of interferential current efficacy in elderly intervertebral disc degeneration patients with or without sarcopenia: a retrospective study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 25, 214 (2024).
Google Scholar
Yazici, A. & Yerlikaya, T. The relationship between the degeneration and asymmetry of the lumbar multifidus and erector spinae muscles in patients with lumbar disc herniation with and without root compression. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 17, 541 (2022).
Google Scholar
Suo, M. et al. The association between morphological characteristics of paraspinal muscle and spinal disorders. Ann. Med. 55, 2258922 (2023).
Google Scholar
Jiang, J. et al. Multifidus degeneration, a new risk factor for lumbar spinal stenosis: a case-control study. World Neurosurg. 99, 226–231 (2017).
Google Scholar
Zhao, W. P., Kawaguchi, Y., Matsui, H., Kanamori, M. & Kimura, T. Histochemistry and morphology of the multifidus muscle in lumbar disc herniation: comparative study between diseased and normal sides. Spine 25, 2191–2199 (2000).
Google Scholar
Delisle, M. B., Laroche, M., Dupont, H., Rochaix, P. & Rumeau, J. L. Morphological analyses of paraspinal muscles: comparison of progressive lumbar kyphosis (camptocormia) and narrowing of lumbar canal by disc protrusions. Neuromuscul. Disord. NMD. 3, 579–582 (1993).
Google Scholar
Chen, Y. Y., Pao, J. L., Liaw, C. K., Hsu, W. L. & Yang, R. S. Image changes of paraspinal muscles and clinical correlations in patients with unilateral lumbar spinal stenosis. Eur. Spine J. 23, 999–1006 (2014).
Google Scholar
Shahidi, B. et al. Lumbar multifidus muscle degenerates in individuals with chronic degenerative lumbar spine pathology. J. Orthop. Res. 35, 2700–2706 (2017).
Google Scholar
Liu, C. et al. Is there a correlation between upper lumbar disc herniation and multifidus muscle degeneration? A retrospective study of MRI morphology. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 22, 92 (2021).
Google Scholar
Xu, G. et al. Development of a finite element full spine model with active muscles for quantitatively analyzing sarcopenia effects on lumbar load. Comput. Methods Prog. Biomed. 240, 107709 (2023).
Google Scholar
Camino-Willhuber, G. et al. Association between lumbar intervertebral vacuum phenomenon severity and posterior paraspinal muscle atrophy in patients undergoing spine surgery. Eur. Spine J. 33, 1013–1020 (2024).
Google Scholar
Stanuszek, A. et al. Preoperative paraspinal and psoas major muscle atrophy and paraspinal muscle fatty degeneration as factors influencing the results of surgical treatment of lumbar disc disease. Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg. 142, 1375–1384 (2022).
Google Scholar
Hey, H. W. D. et al. Paraspinal myopathy-induced intervertebral disc degeneration and thoracolumbar kyphosis in TSC1mKO mice model-a preliminary study. Spine J. 22, 483–494 (2022).
Google Scholar
Hodges, P. W. et al. Multifidus muscle changes after back injury are characterized by structural remodeling of muscle, adipose and connective tissue, but not muscle atrophy: molecular and morphological evidence. Spine 40, 1057–1071 (2015).
Google Scholar
Maas, H., Noort, W., Hodges, P. W. & van Dieën, J. Effects of intervertebral disc lesion and multifidus muscle resection on the structure of the lumbar intervertebral discs and paraspinal musculature of the rat. J. Biomech. 70, 228–234 (2018).
Google Scholar
Hoppe, S. et al. 3D analysis of fatty infiltration of the paravertebral lumbar muscles using T2 images-a new approach. Eur. Spine J. 30, 2570–2576 (2021).
Google Scholar
Agha, O. et al. Intervertebral disc herniation effects on multifidus muscle composition and resident stem cell populations. JOR Spine 3, e1091 (2020).
Google Scholar
Li, H. Z. et al. Role of signaling pathways in age-related orthopedic diseases: focus on the fibroblast growth factor family. Mil. Med. Res. 11, 40 (2024).
Google Scholar
James, G., Chen, X., Diwan, A. & Hodges, P. W. Fat infiltration in the multifidus muscle is related to inflammatory cytokine expression in the muscle and epidural adipose tissue in individuals undergoing surgery for intervertebral disc herniation. Eur. Spine J. 30, 837–845 (2021).
Google Scholar
Chen, X., Hodges, P. W., James, G. & Diwan, A. D. Do markers of inflammation and/or muscle regeneration in lumbar multifidus muscle and fat differ between individuals with good or poor outcome following microdiscectomy for lumbar disc herniation? Spine 46, 678–686 (2021).
Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, J. A. & Newman, P. H. Degenerative spondylolisthesis. J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br. Vol. 58, 184–192 (1976).
Google Scholar
Duan, P. G. et al. Is the Goutallier grade of multifidus fat infiltration associated with adjacent-segment degeneration after lumbar spinal fusion? J. Neurosurg. Spine 34, 190–195 (2021).
Google Scholar
Lee, E. T. et al. Association of lumbar paraspinal muscle morphometry with degenerative spondylolisthesis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18, 4037 (2021).
Lee, H. J. et al. The relationship between cross sectional area and strength of back muscles in patients with chronic low back pain. Ann. Rehabilit. Med. 36, 173–181 (2012).
Google Scholar
Cao, B. et al. Correlation between fat infiltration of paraspinal muscle and L4 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis in asymptomatic adults. Asian J. Surg. 46, 834–840 (2023).
Google Scholar
Correa-de-Araujo, R. et al. Myosteatosis in the context of skeletal muscle function deficit: an interdisciplinary workshop at the National Institute on Aging. Front. Physiol. 11, 963 (2020).
Google Scholar
Köhli, P. et al. The relationship between paraspinal muscle atrophy and degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis at the L4/5 level. Spine J. 24, 1396–1406 (2024).
Google Scholar
Thakar, S. et al. Lumbar paraspinal muscle morphometry and its correlations with demographic and radiological factors in adult isthmic spondylolisthesis: a retrospective review of 120 surgically managed cases. J. Neurosurg. Spine 24, 679–685 (2016).
Google Scholar
McKenzie, J. C. et al. Sarcopenia does not affect clinical outcomes following lumbar fusion. J. Clin. Neurosci.64, 150–154 (2019).
Google Scholar
Ikeda, N. et al. Factors influencing slippage after microsurgical single level lumbar spinal decompression surgery – are the psoas and multifidus muscles involved? Acta Neurochirurgica 166, 26 (2024).
Google Scholar
Ufuk, F., Herek, D. & Yüksel, D. Diagnosis of sarcopenia in head and neck computed tomography: cervical muscle mass as a strong indicator of sarcopenia. Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol. 12, 317–324 (2019).
Google Scholar
Naghdi, N., Elliott, J. M., Weber, M. H., Fehlings, M. G. & Fortin, M. Morphological changes of deep extensor neck muscles in relation to the maximum level of cord compression and canal compromise in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy. Glob. Spine J. 14, 1184–1192 (2024).
Google Scholar
Ma, Y. et al. Study on the consistency between CT hounsfield units and MRI evaluation of preoperative cervical paraspinal muscular fat infiltration in patients undergoing ACDF. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 19, 435 (2024).
Google Scholar
Pinter, Z. W. et al. Cervical paraspinal muscle fatty degeneration is not associated with muscle cross-sectional area: qualitative assessment is preferable for cervical sarcopenia. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 479, 726–732 (2021).
Google Scholar
Hu, J. S., Jin, Y. P., Wu, J. K. & Ni, J. G. Skeletal muscle index based on CT at the 12th thoracic spine level can predict osteoporosis and fracture risk: a propensity score-matched cohort study. Front. Med. 11, 1387807 (2024).
Google Scholar
Chiu, C. M. et al. Dose-dependent association between sarcopenia and moderate-to-severe thoracic vertebral fragility fracture in older adults. Gerontology 69, 533–540 (2023).
Google Scholar
Ignasiak, D., Rüeger, A., Sperr, R. & Ferguson, S. J. Thoracolumbar spine loading associated with kinematics of the young and the elderly during activities of daily living. J. Biomech. 70, 175–184 (2018).
Google Scholar
Ignasiak, D., Valenzuela, W., Reyes, M. & Ferguson, S. J. The effect of muscle ageing and sarcopenia on spinal segmental loads. Eur. Spine J. 27, 2650–2659 (2018).
Google Scholar
link